Immune checkpoints could be key to treating autoimmune disease myasthenia gravis

The PD-1 immune checkpoint is essential for self-recognition by the immune system, with disruption of the pathway associated with several autoimmune disorders. However, the involvement of PD-1 and its ligand PD-L1 in muscle-weakening autoimmune disease myasthenia gravis is unclear. Now, researchers have linked increased PD-L1 expression in the muscles of myasthenia gravis patients with disease severity and shown that this could ultimately help control the immune response and modulate disease symptoms.

Searching an artificial bee colony for real-world results

The artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm is widely applied in many fields, but it suffers from slow convergence, so its solutions perform well in exploration but poorly in exploitation. Researchers proposed a scale-free mechanism to guide the search of the ABC algorithm. They verified that scale-free networks improve the algorithm’s optimization performance and enhance the search ability of other metaheuristic algorithms.